It is, as usual, with a degree of satisfaction that I arise before you
this morning for the purpose of offering a few reflections, hoping
that my brethren and sisters will exercise faith to that degree that I
may be able to speak freely and communicate such sentiments as may be
pleasing in the sight of our heavenly Father and a benefit to
ourselves.
From my childhood, history has been a favorite theme. I have loved to
read historical works; and for the little time I have been enabled to
devote to reading in my younger days I acquired some general knowledge
of what is termed "profane history," but only a limited knowledge of
what is termed "ecclesiastical history." It did not please me to read
the quarrels of the Popes and the cruelties that were inflicted by the
dominant powers upon the weak. Those matters never pleased me so much
as to read the movements of nations for the purpose of establishing
dominion and extending empire; consequently, I am not prepared to
speak as readily of the history of the religious world as I would upon
that portion of history that is generally denominated profane—of the
political conditions of different nations at different ages of the
world.
A revelation given in the early history of this Church requires the
Elders to acquire a knowledge of countries, of things present, of
things to come, of things that have been, and so forth. In perusing
the histories of Persia, Arabia, India, China, and the nations of
modern Europe, I have felt myself more or less actuated in accordance
with the instructions given in that revelation.
At the time I could not conceive why it was that the Lord required his
servants to acquire a knowledge of those nations and of political
subjects; but experience has taught me that he had in it a design of
no little importance; for, from the time that the Gospel was first
preached, baptism administered, and ordination first conferred the
Priesthood upon the heads of men, we have been constantly and
continually upon new ground. The officers of the country in which we
have lived could never find a law to fit our case; they could never
discover any law that would answer their purpose in relation to us.
There was one principle laid down by them, however, that was simple;
and that was, that we had to be used up.
The most honorable of all the mobs that have ever been raised against
us was that of Jackson County, Missouri; for they came right straight
out and plainly acknowledged that the civil law did not afford them a
guarantee against the "Mormons;" therefore they would drive them from
their county—peaceably if they could—forcibly if they must.
From that day to this, our persecutors have been pretending to act
under color of law so far as to hold men while they could be
murdered. They would employ a few troops or a mob, under the pretence
of legal authority, and hold men still while the assassin could do his
work. This has been the course pursued by our enemies all the time up
to the present hour.
Inasmuch as we observed the laws of God, we had no occasion to violate
the laws of our country; and, as a matter of course, pretexts were
sought in vain from the beginning to the end, and the hue-and-cry of
treason has been raised from one end of the country to the other.
Hence we see the importance of our Elders understanding the national
force of laws of kingdoms, the laws of empires, the rules of nations,
the relationship of institutions one to another, and the relationship
of subjects to their rulers.
An old principle, laid down from the earliest ages of British
jurisprudence, from which we received our national institutions, is
that allegiance is that ligament or thread which binds the subject to
the sovereign, and that, for this allegiance, the sovereign, by an
implied contract, owes, in turn, protection to the subject; and the
very moment that the Government withholds its protection, that very
moment allegiance ceases.
This is as old as the British Constitution, and it is recognized as
natural and eternal both in America and Great Britain; and you may
trace this principle back through history to the earliest ages of man.
The very moment a government ceases to protect its subjects, that
moment they are at liberty to protect themselves.
Whenever national powers were exerted to crush the rights of their own
subjects, then the right was founded in nature that they should stand
up in their own defense; and the principle of self-preservation is in
a greater or less degree binding, and it has been acknowledged from
the earliest ages that all governments derive their just powers from
the consent of the governed.
For something like a hundred years the kings of Great Britain, as you
will see in King James' translation of the Bible, claimed the title
of Kings of Great Britain, France, and Ireland—a power which they
could not exercise and maintain, so far as the kingdom of France was
concerned; and finally, in the reign of George III, they saw fit to
disclaim it.
The assumption of this right was a mere burlesque. Could they control
the organization of France and regulate its internal policy? No—they
could not. The only thing was to go to war, and then France could
resist and sometimes menace the very existence of the British Empire,
and yet the kings of England could claim to be kings of France. But
were they kings of France? Not unless the people of France said so;
for the people choose their kings to reign over them.
This system of claiming authority from some distant claim has been
practiced, and is at the present time; and there is now an individual
who claims to be king of France, who assumes that title—an individual
who does not live in France: he is expelled, but yet he claims to be
the sovereign of France. At the same time the people have, by their
unanimous voice, placed Louis Napoleon upon the throne, and they
carry out his decrees, while a fugitive claims to be king of
France, but without the consent of the people, and has not power
enough to pull an old setting hen off her nest.
Circumstances might change so as to throw Napoleon from his
rather uncertain seat, and might place some other individual there;
but no Government can exist there only by the consent of the people,
or such a portion of them as is sufficient to awe the rest and
preserve peace, union, and harmony.
Tyrants have attempted to resist this principle, and hence almost
every man that has got into power has immediately gone to work to lay
plans to conciliate the great and mighty sovereign people, and to
perpetuate that authority in their families.
History shows us that some of the Roman Consuls attained power and
wealth by their military exploits, and then assumed the title of
Emperors and rulers over the commonwealth. We find that they assumed
that title by the consent of the military power, and that they
enlarged themselves by the aid of the military, till they finally
gained the supreme power over the people.
All officers and authorities that depend upon the bayonet are very
uncertain; hence very few of the Roman Emperors ever came to a natural
death. They who hold millions in subjection by the sword are slain as
tyrants whenever opportunity affords. These characters have not all
the peace and happiness that might be wished for.
Rulers have assumed to control the people by the power of the bayonet,
and many who have attempted to do so have fallen in the attempt, and
many have fallen into political disgrace and been destroyed because
they attempted to crush down the feelings of a free people. It was in
consequence of this that the American revolution was brought to pass.
The American revolution was simply the result of attempting to coerce,
by the point of the bayonet, measures that the people of the colonies
were unwilling to consent to. The Parlia ment wished to impose, without
their consent, rulers, taxes, and laws which they themselves had no
voice in making; and this brought about a revolution, which ended in
establishing the present Government of the United States.
The Constitution of the United States was only a little enlargement of
the freedom guaranteed under the British Constitution, our
revolutionary fathers not thinking any other position or principle as
safe or as good; and they made it to surround them with a degree of
security, as their fathers did in the British Constitution, forming it
somewhat after its model and style. Instead, however, of an hereditary
King, they elected a President to hold office for four years; and
instead of a House of Lords, they elected a Senate, composed of
members or representatives elected by the several State Legislatures;
and instead of a House of Commons, they elected the House of
Representatives by an apportionment of the people; and in fact, the
organization is very similar to that of the mother country. The
President represents the hereditary Sovereign, the members of the
Senate representing the States, and the House of Representatives the
people of the United States, instead of having the members of the
House of Commons who represent the property of the realm.
In tracing these things down, and examining and well considering them,
they show us, as it were in a glass, our real position.
Now, I do not suppose that there was a man scarcely in the whole
assembly who anxiously desired in his heart to move a thousand miles
into the middle of a desert with his family, to live in this barren,
desolate, cold country. I do not suppose there was an individual but
would have preferred to inhabit the vacant prairies of Illinois, Iowa,
or Missouri, than to have been under the necessity of wandering into a desert, surrounded by mountains, in the midst of sage
plains, where nothing could be raised except by artificial irrigation.
We were willing to come here, simply because we were forced to go
somewhere where we could enjoy our religion, which we could not do
where we were. This is the principle that brought us here. This is the
reason that we were willing to forego the ten thousand comforts that
could surround us in the world, and come and turn the wilderness into
a fruitful field. Of necessity, I say, we came here willingly, because
we were forced to. There was no place else for the Apostles and
Prophets to go to.
We petitioned the several States and also the United States for an
asylum where we could enjoy ourselves; and all our petitions were
answered with coldness and indifference, and there was not a place in
the United States where a man that professed to be a Latter-day Saint
could have peace. There was nothing but to be mobbed, driven, his
houses burned, wherever he might be; and no governor, no legislature,
no authority would extend any better prospect than the repetition of
the murder, robberies, and persecution we had suffered in Missouri,
and that we were then enduring in Illinois.
Under these circumstances we came here, and silently and quietly
continued coming away from every part of the Union, and our friends
from other nations flocked here from various parts, until we had
conquered the desert, and turned the mountain streams, and caused
vegetation to grow, and produced grain of considerable variety and of
excellent quality. We had begun to make ourselves comfortable, and we
had the prospect of peace, as there was nobody upon the face of the
earth that would have inhabited this sterile country—a thousand miles
from civilized society, where there were no inhabitants but a few
naked, savage Indians, whom we cared for and befriended.
The gold fever broke out, and thousands of the gold miners from all
nations passed through our settlements. We fed them, for they came
here naked and destitute, and we enabled them to proceed on their
way, or they would have starved to death in the desert. But although
we did this, scarcely an individual desired to stay in this barren
country. They could look around and then say, "You are a pack of
damned fools to stay in this barren desert;" and they would ask, "Why
do you stay here in such a barren country?" It was for something more
precious than gold: it was for the privilege of worshipping God under
our own vine; and it was with the greatest difficulty that we could
raise a vine to worship under, and there was scarcely a tree grew in
the valleys. Here we could worship, and here we remain, and what is
the result? The moment that our settlements had extended far to the
south and to the north—the moment that we were placed in a position
that starvation did not stare us in the face, and that a man dare eat
as much as his appetite craved, without thinking that he would have to
go without tomorrow, that moment the great nation, of which we are a
part, rich in gold and silver, powerful in numbers, wealth, and
learning, place themselves in a position to annihilate us, to drive us
from our homes in the fastnesses of the mountains.
Now, my brethren and sisters, we remember that all good governments
are by the consent of the governed; we remember the old principle that
allegiance is the thread which ties the subject to the governor; we
remember the thread which ties the subject to the Government, and for
which the Government owes the subject protection. I ask, Did the
Government of the United States ever extend its protection to
us? Did it protect us in Missouri? Did it protect us in Illinois? Did
it protect us in Iowa? Did it protect us in Nebraska? No, never. We
had to protect ourselves or perish and share the fate that lambs share
in the paws of wolves. This is the principle as it is presented to us.
Have they ever protected us in these mountains? No: we protect
ourselves. We made the roads, we explored the country, and we have
protected them whenever they passed here; and we have fed, clothed,
and aided them on their journeying, and extended every kindness; but
have they protected us? No; but they have stirred up the savages of
the desert to destroy our weak settlements. This has been the result,
and yet we have not been ten years upon this soil. We have not been
scarcely able to acquire the comforts of life. A man has scarcely
dared to eat as much as would satisfy his appetite. We had scarcely
done this, I say, until they sent their armies by thousands to dragoon
this people into subjection, with the avowed aim and object, as
published in every paper that comes from the States, to deprive us of
our religious rights, and to establish and inflict rights or practices
which we abhor, and which we have moved a thousand miles to avoid. I
ask them, Shall freedom depart? And, in the language of a Roman, I ask
which you prefer—slavery or death? Shall they be left to trample
upon the rights of free men? Who will not consider which is to be
preferred—FREEDOM or SLAVERY? Shall this people be left to the mercy
of men who come here with armies to enforce principles that are as
degrading to us as degradation can be?
I presume, brethren and sisters, that there is but one feeling upon
that subject. I presume that we are willing to dispense with our tea,
with our coffee, our tobacco, our finery, and a hundred other comforts
that we might have had, had we remained in the States as others have
done, rather than be subject to this degradation and cursed dominion.
May God enable us to hold up our heads, and with all our might, mind,
and strength, and our reliance in the Most High, live our religion and
be prepared to inherit his glory, is my prayer. Amen.
- George A. Smith